Plants need nutrients
Like us, plants need nutrients in varying amounts for healthy growth. There are 17 essential nutrients that plants need, including carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which plants receive air and water. The remaining 14 are purchased from soil but will have to be supplemented with fertilizers or organic materials such as compost.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required in larger amounts than other nutrients; they're considered primary macronutrients.
Secondary macronutrients include sulfur, calcium, and magnesium.
Micronutrients like iron and copper are necessary in more compact amounts.
Nutrient availability in soils
Nutrient availability in soils can be a purpose of several factors including soil texture (loam, loamy sand, silt loam), organic matter content and pH.
Texture
Clay particles and organic matter in soils are chemically reactive and may hold and slowly release nutrient ions that can be used by plants.
Soils which might be finer-textured (more clay) and in organic matter (5-10%) have greater nutrient-holding ability than sandy soils with little if any clay or organic matter. Sandy soils in Minnesota will also be quite likely going to nutrient losses through leaching, as water carries nutrients like nitrogen, potassium or sulfur beneath the root zone where plants can no longer access them.
pH
Soil pH may be the a higher level alkalinity or acidity of soils. When pH is not enought or too much, chemical reactions can adjust the nutrient availability and biological activity in soils. Most vegatables and fruits grow best when soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral, or between 5.5 and 7.0.
There are some exceptions; blueberries, by way of example, have to have a low pH (4.2-5.2). Soil pH can be modified using materials like lime (ground limestone) to increase pH or elemental sulfur in order to reduce pH.
Nutrient availability
Generally, most Minnesota soils plenty of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients to aid healthy plant growth. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the nutrients that appears to be deficient and will be supplemented with fertilizers for maximum plant growth.
The best way for assessing nutrient availability within your garden is to do a soil test. A basic soil test through the University of Minnesota’s Soil Testing Laboratory will offer a soil texture estimate, organic matter content (utilized to estimate nitrogen availability), phosphorus, potassium, pH and lime requirement.
The analysis will likely have a basic interpretation of results and supply ideas for fertilizing.
Choosing fertilizers
There are many options for fertilizers and quite often the alternatives might seem overwhelming. What is important to consider is the fact that plants use up nutrients in the form of ions, along with the source of those ions is not an factor in plant nutrition.
For example, plants get nitrogen via NO3- (nitrate) or NH4+ (ammonium), and people ions will come from either organic or synthetic sources plus various formulations (liquid, granular, pellets or compost).
The fertilizer you choose must be based mainly on soil test results and plant needs, in both terms of nutrients and speed of delivery.
Additional factors to take into account include soil and environmental health along with your budget.
Common nutrient issues in vegetables
Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies or excesses in fruits and vegetables is challenging. Many nutrient issues look alike, often many nutrient is involved, and the causes of them could be highly variable.
Here are some examples of items you may see in the garden.
Plants lacking nitrogen shows yellowing on older, lower leaves; too much nitrogen might cause excessive leafy growth and delayed fruiting.
Plants lacking phosphorus may show stunted growth or perhaps a reddish-purple tint in leaf tissue.
A potassium deficiency may cause browning of leaf tissue along the leaf edges, you start with lower, older leaves.
A calcium deficiency usually leads to “tip burn” on younger leaves or blossom end rot in tomatoes or zucchini. However, calcium deficiencies in many cases are not a result of low calcium within the soil, but you are a result of uneven watering, excessive soil moisture, or damage to roots.
Not enough sulfur on sandy soils may cause stunted, spindly growth and yellowing leaves; potatoes, onions, corn and plants from the cabbage family are usually most sensitive.
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